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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosmic Background Explorer</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; empty-cells:collapse; max-width:400px; width:307px; padding:0.3em;" class="infobox toccolours float-right" cellspacing="0">
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<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding:0px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<tr>
<td style="">Typ:
</td>
<td style="">Forschungssatellit
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<tr>
<td style="">Land:
</td>
<td style=""><span style="display:none">Vereinigte Staaten</span><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten"></a></span> <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">Vereinigte Staaten</a>
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<td style="">Betreiber:
</td>
<td style=""><a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style=""><a href="COSPAR-Bezeichnung" title="COSPAR-Bezeichnung">COSPAR-ID</a>:
</td>
<td style=""><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/magnustools/spacer.php?id=1989-089A">1989-089A</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe8" align="center">Missionsdaten
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="">Masse:
</td>
<td style="">2265 kg
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="">Größe:
</td>
<td style="">5,49 m Höhe
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="">Start:
</td>
<td style="">18. November 1989, 14:34 <a href="Koordinierte_Weltzeit" title="Koordinierte Weltzeit">UTC</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="">Startplatz:
</td>
<td style=""><a href="Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> <a href="Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 2">SLC-2W</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="">Trägerrakete:
</td>
<td style=""><a href="Delta_(Rakete)" title="Delta (Rakete)">Delta-5920-8</a> D189
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="">Status:
</td>
<td style="">Im Orbit
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe8" align="center">Bahndaten
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style=""><a href="Umlaufzeit" title="Umlaufzeit">Umlaufzeit</a>:
</td>
<td style="">102,6 min<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style=""><a href="Bahnneigung" title="Bahnneigung">Bahnneigung</a>:
</td>
<td style="">98,9°
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style=""><a href="Apog%C3%A4umsh%C3%B6he" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogäumshöhe">Apogäumshöhe</a>:
</td>
<td style="">886 km
</td></tr>
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<td style=""><a href="Perig%C3%A4umsh%C3%B6he" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigäumshöhe">Perigäumshöhe</a>:
</td>
<td style="">873 km
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Der <b><span lang="en">Cosmic Background Explorer</span></b> (<b>COBE</b>) ist ein <a href="Satellit_(Raumfahrt)" title="Satellit (Raumfahrt)">Satellit</a> der <a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a>, der von 1989 bis 1993 revolutionäre Ergebnisse der Messung der <a href="Hintergrundstrahlung" title="Hintergrundstrahlung">kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung</a> lieferte. Der Satellit befindet sich noch im Orbit, er umkreist die Erde in ca. 900 km Höhe auf einer polaren <a href="Umlaufbahn" title="Umlaufbahn">Umlaufbahn</a>.
</p><p>Die Raumsonde <a href="Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</a> (WMAP) war der Nachfolger des Satelliten, sie diente von 2001 bis 2010 der Erforschung dieser Strahlung. Von August 2009 bis 2013 vermaß schließlich die europäische Raumsonde <a href="Planck-Weltraumteleskop" title="Planck-Weltraumteleskop">Planck</a> die Strahlung mit noch größerer Auflösung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missionsverlauf">Missionsverlauf</h2></div>
<p>Ursprünglich sollte COBE mit dem <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> in den Weltraum transportiert werden. Die Mission STS-82-B sollte 1988 von der Vandenberg Air Force Base mit der Discovery starten, das wurde aufgrund der <a href="STS-51-L#Das_Challenger-Unglück" title="STS-51-L">Challenger-Katastrophe</a> abgesagt. COBE startete am 18. November 1989 auf einer <a href="Delta_(Rakete)" title="Delta (Rakete)">Delta-5920-Trägerrakete</a>.
</p><p>Am 1. September 1990 ging COBEs Vorrat an flüssigem <a href="Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> zur Neige, was den Ausfall eines Teils der Instrumente, vor allem von FIRAS (<span lang="en">Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer</span>) zur Bestimmung der Hintergrundstrahlung, zur Folge hatte. Die wissenschaftliche Mission endete am 23. Dezember 1993, ab Januar 1994 wurden eher technologische Experimente mit dem Satelliten durchgeführt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ergebnisse">Ergebnisse</h2></div>
<p>Mithilfe des Cosmic Background Explorer konnte eine 360°-Karte der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung angefertigt werden. Dabei wurde die <a href="Urknall" title="Urknall">Urknalltheorie</a> gestützt.
</p><p>Weitere Ergebnisse der Mission sind Daten über <a href="Interplanetarer_Staub" title="Interplanetarer Staub">interplanetaren Staub</a> und die Position unserer Sonne in der Galaxis. 2006 erhielt <a href="George_Fitzgerald_Smoot" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fitzgerald Smoot">George Smoot</a> als wissenschaftlicher Leiter dieses Programms zusammen mit <a href="John_C._Mather" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a>, ebenfalls Mitarbeiter an diesem Projekt, den <a href="Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Nobelpreis für Physik">Nobelpreis für Physik</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Liste_der_Raumsonden" title="Liste der Raumsonden">Liste der Raumsonden</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:COBE?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Cosmic Background Explorer</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/">Seite der NASA zu COBE</a> (englisch)</li>
<li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/05/opinion/05thu3.html">The Irony of NASA’s Nobel</a>.</i> <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>, 5. Oktober 2006. (englisch)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahndaten nach Mark Wade: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/c/cobe.html">COBE</a> in der <a href="Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a>, abgerufen am 16. März 2012 (englisch).</span>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf">Satelliten und Raumsonden des <a href="Explorer-Programm" title="Explorer-Programm">Explorer-Programms</a> (<a href="Liste_der_Explorer-Missionen" title="Liste der Explorer-Missionen">Liste</a>)</div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="centered" style="display: table">
<p>Explorer
<a href="Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">1</a> ·
<i><a href="Explorer_2" title="Explorer 2">2</a></i> ·
<a href="Explorer_3" title="Explorer 3">3</a> ·
<a href="Explorer_4" title="Explorer 4">4</a> ·
<i><a href="Explorer_5" title="Explorer 5">5</a></i> ·
<i>S-1</i> ·
<a href="Explorer_6" title="Explorer 6">6 (S-2)</a> ·
<a href="Explorer_7" title="Explorer 7">7 (S-1a)</a> ·
<i><a href="S-46_(Explorer)" title="S-46 (Explorer)">S-46</a></i> ·
<a href="Explorer_8" title="Explorer 8">8 (S-30)</a> ·
<i><a href="Air_Density_Explorer" title="Air Density Explorer">S-56</a></i> ·
<a href="Air_Density_Explorer" title="Air Density Explorer">9 (S-56a)</a> ·
<i><a href="S-45_(Explorer)" title="S-45 (Explorer)">S-45</a></i> ·
<a href="Explorer_10" title="Explorer 10">10 (P-14)</a> ·
<a href="Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">11 (S-15)</a> ·
<i><a href="S-45_(Explorer)" title="S-45 (Explorer)">S-45a</a></i> ·
<i><a href="S-55_(Explorer)" title="S-55 (Explorer)">S-55</a></i> ·
<a href="Energetic_Particles_Explorer" title="Energetic Particles Explorer">12 (EPE-A)</a> ·
<a href="S-55_(Explorer)" title="S-55 (Explorer)">13 (S-55a)</a> ·
<a href="Energetic_Particles_Explorer" title="Energetic Particles Explorer">14 (EPE-B)</a> ·
<a href="Energetic_Particles_Explorer" title="Energetic Particles Explorer">15 (EPE-C)</a> ·
<a href="S-55_(Explorer)" title="S-55 (Explorer)">16 (S-55b)</a> ·
<a href="Explorer_17" title="Explorer 17">17 (AE-A)</a> ·
<a href="Explorer_18" title="Explorer 18">18 (IMP-A)</a> ·
<a href="Air_Density_Explorer" title="Air Density Explorer">19 (AD-A)</a> ·
<i>BE-A</i> ·
<a href="Explorer_20" title="Explorer 20">20 (IE-A)</a> ·
21 (IMP-B) ·
22 (BE-B) ·
<a href="S-55_(Explorer)" title="S-55 (Explorer)">23 (S-55c)</a> ·
<a href="Air_Density_Explorer" title="Air Density Explorer">24 (AD-B)</a> ·
25 (IE-B) ·
<a href="Energetic_Particles_Explorer" title="Energetic Particles Explorer">26 (EPE-D)</a> ·
27 (BE-C) ·
28 (IMP-C) ·
<a href="GEOS_(NASA)" title="GEOS (NASA)">29 (GEOS-A)</a> ·
<a href="Solrad_8" title="Solrad 8">30 (SE-A)</a> ·
31 (DME-A) ·
32 (AE-B) ·
<a href="Explorer_33" title="Explorer 33">33 (IMP-D)</a> ·
34 (IMP-F) ·
<a href="Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">35 (IMP-E)</a> ·
<a href="GEOS_(NASA)" title="GEOS (NASA)">36 (GEOS-B)</a> ·
37 (SE-B) ·
<a href="Radio_Astronomy_Explorer" title="Radio Astronomy Explorer">38 (RAE-A)</a> ·
<a href="Air_Density_Explorer" title="Air Density Explorer">39 (AD-C)</a> ·
40 (IE-C) ·
<a href="Explorer_41" title="Explorer 41">41 (IMP-G)</a> ·
<a href="Uhuru_(Satellit)" title="Uhuru (Satellit)">42 (SAS-A)</a> ·
43 (IMP-H) ·
44 (SE-C) ·
45 (SSS-A) ·
46 (MTS-A) ·
47 (IMP-I) ·
<a href="Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">48 (SAS-B)</a> ·
<a href="Radio_Astronomy_Explorer" title="Radio Astronomy Explorer">49 (RAE-B)</a> ·
50 (IMP-J) ·
51 (AE-C) ·
52 (IE-D) ·
<a href="Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">53 (SAS-C)</a> ·
54 (AE-D) ·
55 (AE-E) ·
<i>DAD-A</i> ·
<i><a href="Air_Density_Explorer" title="Air Density Explorer">DAD B</a></i> ·
<a href="ISEE/ICE-Programm" title="ISEE/ICE-Programm">56 (ISEE-1)</a> ·
<a href="International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">57 (IUE)</a> ·
<a href="Heat_Capacity_Mapping_Mission" title="Heat Capacity Mapping Mission">58 (HCMM)</a> ·
<a href="ISEE-3/ICE" title="ISEE-3/ICE">59 (ISEE-3/ICE)</a> ·
<a href="Stratospheric_Aerosol_and_Gas_Experiment" title="Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment">60 (SAGE)</a> ·
<a href="Magsat" title="Magsat">61 (Magsat)</a> ·
<a href="Dynamics_Explorer" title="Dynamics Explorer">62 (DE-A)</a> ·
<a href="Dynamics_Explorer" title="Dynamics Explorer">63 (DE-B)</a> ·
<a href="Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">64 (SME)</a> ·
<a href="Charge_Composition_Explorer" title="Charge Composition Explorer">65 (CCE)</a> ·
<a class="mw-selflink selflink">66 (COBE)</a> ·
<a href="Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">67 (EUVE)</a> ·
<a href="SAMPEX" title="SAMPEX">68 (SAMPEX)</a> ·
<a href="Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">69 (RXTE)</a> ·
<a href="Fast_Auroral_Snapshot_Explorer" title="Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer">70 (FAST)</a> ·
<a href="Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">71 (ACE)</a> ·
<a href="SNOE" title="SNOE">72 (SNOE)</a> ·
<a href="Transition_Region_And_Coronal_Explorer" title="Transition Region And Coronal Explorer">73 (TRACE)</a> ·
<a href="Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">74 (SWAS)</a> ·
<a href="Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">75 (WIRE)</a> ·
<a href="TERRIERS" title="TERRIERS">76 (TERRIERS)</a> ·
<a href="Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">77 (FUSE)</a> ·
<a href="Imager_for_Magnetopause-to-Aurora_Global_Exploration" title="Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration">78 (IMAGE)</a> ·
<a href="High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">79 (HETE-2)</a> ·
<a href="Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">80 (WMAP)</a> ·
<a href="Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">81 (RHESSI)</a> ·
<a href="CHIPSat" title="CHIPSat">82 (CHIPSat)</a> ·
<a href="Galaxy_Evolution_Explorer" title="Galaxy Evolution Explorer">83 (GALEX)</a> ·
<a href="Swift_(Satellit)" title="Swift (Satellit)">84 (Swift)</a> ·
<a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">85 (THEMIS-A)</a> ·
<a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">86 (THEMIS-B)</a> ·
<a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">87 (THEMIS-C)</a> ·
<a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">88 (THEMIS-D)</a> ·
<a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">89 (THEMIS-E)</a> ·
<a href="Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere">90 (AIM)</a> ·
<a href="Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">91 (IBEX)</a> ·
<a href="Wide-Field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer">92 (WISE)</a> ·
<a href="Nuclear_Spectroscopic_Telescope_Array" title="Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array">93 (NuSTAR)</a> ·
<a href="Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">94 (IRIS)</a> ·
<a href="Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">95 (TESS)</a> ·
96 (ICON) ·
<a href="Imaging_X-ray_Polarimetry_Explorer" title="Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer">97 (IXPE)</a> ·
<a href="Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">98 (PUNCH-NFI)</a>
<a href="Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">99 (PUNCH-WFI1)</a>
<a href="Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">100 (PUNCH-WFI2)</a>
<a href="Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">101 (PUNCH-WFI3)</a>
<a href="SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">102 (SPHEREx)</a> ·
</p>
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